st.error

st.exception

st.warning

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.button</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">st.form_submit_button</tt> widgets.

button

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.button</tt> and <tt class="docutils literal">st.form_submit_button</tt>
widgets. Individual widgets can be accessed from a WidgetList by
index (order on the page) or key. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.button[0]</tt> for
the first widget or <tt class="docutils literal">at.button(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a
given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.feedback</tt> widgets.

button_group

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.feedback</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can be
accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key. For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.button_group[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.button_group(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.caption</tt> elements.

caption

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.caption</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.caption[0]</tt> for the first element. Caption is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.chat_input</tt> widgets.

chat_input

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.chat_input</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.chat_input[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.chat_input(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.chat_message</tt> elements.

chat_message

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.chat_message</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.chat_message[0]</tt> for the first element. ChatMessage
is an extension of the Block class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.checkbox</tt> widgets.

checkbox

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.checkbox</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.checkbox[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.checkbox(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.code</tt> elements.

code

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.code</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.code[0]</tt> for the first element. Code is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.color_picker</tt> widgets.

color_picker

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.color_picker</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.color_picker[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.color_picker(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all columns within <tt class="docutils literal">st.columns</tt> elements.
Each column within a single <tt class="docutils literal">st.columns</tt> will be returned as a
separate Column in the Sequence.

columns

Sequence of all columns within <tt class="docutils literal">st.columns</tt> elements. Individual
columns can be accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the
page). For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.columns[0]</tt> for the first column. Column
is an extension of the Block class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.dataframe</tt> elements.

dataframe

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.dataframe</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.dataframe[0]</tt> for the first element. Dataframe is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.date_input</tt> widgets.

date_input

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.date_input</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.date_input[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.date_input(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.divider</tt> elements.

divider

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.divider</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.divider[0]</tt> for the first element. Divider is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.error</tt> elements.

error

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.error</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.error[0]</tt> for the first element. Error is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.exception</tt> elements.

exception

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.exception</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.exception[0]</tt> for the first element. Exception is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.expander</tt> elements.

expander

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.expander</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from a Sequence by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.expander[0]</tt> for the first element. Expandable is an
extension of the Block class.

Path to a script file. The path should be absolute or relative to
the file calling <tt class="docutils literal">.from_file</tt>.

script_path

Default time in seconds before a script run is timed out. Can be
overridden for individual <tt class="docutils literal">.run()</tt> calls.

default_timeout

Create an instance of <tt class="docutils literal">AppTest</tt> to simulate an app page defined within a file.
This option is most convenient for CI workflows and testing of
published apps. The script must be executable on its own and so must
contain all necessary imports.

from_file

A simulated Streamlit app for testing. The simulated app can be
executed via <tt class="docutils literal">.run()</tt>.

A function whose body will be used as a script. Must be runnable
in isolation, so it must include any necessary imports.

script

An optional tuple of args to pass to the script function.

args

An optional dict of kwargs to pass to the script function.

kwargs

Create an instance of <tt class="docutils literal">AppTest</tt> to simulate an app page defined within a function.
This is similar to <tt class="docutils literal">AppTest.from_string()</tt>, but more convenient to
write with IDE assistance. The script must be executable on its own and
so must contain all necessary imports.

from_function

The string contents of the script to be run.

Create an instance of <tt class="docutils literal">AppTest</tt> to simulate an app page defined within a string.
This is useful for testing short scripts that fit comfortably as an
inline string in the test itself, without having to create a separate
file for it. The script must be executable on its own and so must
contain all necessary imports.

from_string

An element attribute of <tt class="docutils literal">AppTest</tt>. For example, &quot;button&quot;,
&quot;caption&quot;, or &quot;chat_input&quot;.

element_type

Get elements or widgets of the specified type.
This method returns the collection of all elements or widgets of
the specified type on the current page. Retrieve a specific element by
using its index (order on page) or key lookup.

Sequence of elements of the given type. Individual elements can
be accessed from a Sequence by index (order on the page). When
getting and <tt class="docutils literal">element_type</tt> that is a widget, individual widgets
can be accessed by key. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.get(&quot;text&quot;)[0]</tt> for the
first <tt class="docutils literal">st.text</tt> element or <tt class="docutils literal">at.get(&quot;slider&quot;)(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for
the <tt class="docutils literal">st.slider</tt> widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.header</tt> elements.

header

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.header</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.header[0]</tt> for the first element. Header is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.info</tt> elements.

info

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.info</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.info[0]</tt> for the first element. Info is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.json</tt> elements.

json

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.json</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.json[0]</tt> for the first element. Json is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.latex</tt> elements.

latex

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.latex</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.latex[0]</tt> for the first element. Latex is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of elements within the main body of the app.

main

A container of elements. Block can be queried for elements in the
same manner as <tt class="docutils literal">AppTest</tt>. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">Block.checkbox</tt> will
return all <tt class="docutils literal">st.checkbox</tt> within the associated container.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.markdown</tt> elements.

markdown

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.markdown</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.markdown[0]</tt> for the first element. Markdown is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.metric</tt> elements.

metric

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.metric</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.metric[0]</tt> for the first element. Metric is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.multiselect</tt> widgets.

multiselect

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.multiselect</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.multiselect[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.multiselect(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.number_input</tt> widgets.

number_input

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.number_input</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.number_input[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.number_input(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.radio</tt> widgets.

radio

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.radio</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.radio[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.radio(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

The maximum number of seconds to run the script. If <tt class="docutils literal">timeout</tt> is
<tt class="docutils literal">None</tt> (default), Streamlit uses the default timeout set for the
instance of <tt class="docutils literal">AppTest</tt>.

timeout

Run the script from the current state.
This is equivalent to manually rerunning the app or the rerun that
occurs upon user interaction. <tt class="docutils literal">AppTest.run()</tt> must be manually called
after updating a widget value or switching pages as script reruns do
not occur automatically as they do for live-running Streamlit apps.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.select_slider</tt> widgets.

select_slider

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.select_slider</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.select_slider[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.select_slider(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.selectbox</tt> widgets.

selectbox

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.selectbox</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.selectbox[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.selectbox(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all elements within <tt class="docutils literal">st.sidebar</tt>.

sidebar

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.slider</tt> widgets.

slider

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.slider</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.slider[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.slider(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.status</tt> elements.

status

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.status</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from a Sequence by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.status[0]</tt> for the first element. Status is an
extension of the Block class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.subheader</tt> elements.

subheader

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.subheader</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.subheader[0]</tt> for the first element. Subheader is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.success</tt> elements.

success

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.success</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.success[0]</tt> for the first element. Success is an
extension of the Element class.

Path of the page to switch to. The path must be relative to the
main script's location (e.g. <tt class="docutils literal">&quot;pages/my_page.py&quot;</tt>).

page_path

Switch to another page of the app.
This method does not automatically rerun the app. Use a follow-up call
to <tt class="docutils literal">AppTest.run()</tt> to obtain the elements on the selected page.

switch_page

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.table</tt> elements.

table

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.table</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.table[0]</tt> for the first element. Table is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all tabs within <tt class="docutils literal">st.tabs</tt> elements.
Each tab within a single <tt class="docutils literal">st.tabs</tt> will be returned as a separate Tab
in the Sequence. Additionally, the tab labels are forwarded to each
Tab element as a property. For example, <tt class="docutils literal">st.tabs(&quot;A&quot;,&quot;B&quot;)</tt> will
yield two Tab objects, with <tt class="docutils literal">Tab.label</tt> returning &quot;A&quot; and &quot;B&quot;,
respectively.

tabs

Sequence of all tabs within <tt class="docutils literal">st.tabs</tt> elements. Individual
tabs can be accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the
page). For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.tabs[0]</tt> for the first tab. Tab is an
extension of the Block class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.text</tt> elements.

text

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.text</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.text[0]</tt> for the first element. Text is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.text_area</tt> widgets.

text_area

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.text_area</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.text_area[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.text_area(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.text_input</tt> widgets.

text_input

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.text_input</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.text_input[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.text_input(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.time_input</tt> widgets.

time_input

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.time_input</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.time_input[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.time_input(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.title</tt> elements.

title

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.title</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.title[0]</tt> for the first element. Title is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.toast</tt> elements.

toast

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.toast</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.toast[0]</tt> for the first element. Toast is an
extension of the Element class.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.toggle</tt> widgets.

toggle

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.toggle</tt> widgets. Individual widgets can
be accessed from a WidgetList by index (order on the page) or key.
For example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.toggle[0]</tt> for the first widget or
<tt class="docutils literal">at.toggle(key=&quot;my_key&quot;)</tt> for a widget with a given key.

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.warning</tt> elements.

warning

Sequence of all <tt class="docutils literal">st.warning</tt> elements. Individual elements can be
accessed from an ElementList by index (order on the page). For
example, <tt class="docutils literal">at.warning[0]</tt> for the first element. Warning is an
extension of the Element class.

Arguments of the cached functions.

*args

Keyword arguments of the cached function.

**kwargs

Clear the cached function's associated cache.
If no arguments are passed, Streamlit will clear all values cached for
the function. If arguments are passed, Streamlit will clear the cached
value for these arguments only.

clear

The selected rows, identified by their integer position. The integer
positions match the original dataframe, even if the user sorts the
dataframe in their browser. For a <tt class="docutils literal">pandas.DataFrame</tt>, you can
retrieve data from its interger position using methods like <tt class="docutils literal">.iloc[]</tt>
or <tt class="docutils literal">.iat[]</tt>.

rows

The selected columns, identified by their names.

The schema for the dataframe selection state.
The selection state is stored in a dictionary-like object that suports both
key and attribute notation. Selection states cannot be programmatically
changed or set through Session State.
<div class="admonition warning">
Warning
If a user sorts a dataframe, row selections will be reset. If your
users need to sort and filter the dataframe to make selections, direct
them to use the search function in the dataframe toolbar instead.
</div>

DataframeSelectionState

The state of the <tt class="docutils literal">on_select</tt> event. This attribure returns a
dictionary-like object that supports both key and attribute notation.
The attributes are described by the <tt class="docutils literal">DataframeSelectionState</tt>
dictionary schema.

selection

The schema for the dataframe event state.
The event state is stored in a dictionary-like object that suports both
key and attribute notation. Event states cannot be programmatically
changed or set through Session State.
Only selection events are supported at this time.

DataframeState

data

The named dataset to concat. Optional. You can only pass in 1
dataset (including the one in the data parameter).

Concatenate a dataframe to the bottom of the current one.

add_rows

The selected data points in the chart, including the data points
selected by the box and lasso mode. The data includes the values
associated to each point and a point index used to populate
<tt class="docutils literal">point_indices</tt>. If additional information has been assigned to your
points, such as size or legend group, this is also included.

points

The numerical indices of all selected data points in the chart. The
details of each identified point are included in <tt class="docutils literal">points</tt>.

point_indices

The metadata related to the box selection. This includes the
coordinates of the selected area.

The metadata related to the lasso selection. This includes the
coordinates of the selected area.

lasso

The schema for the Plotly chart selection state.
The selection state is stored in a dictionary-like object that suports both
key and attribute notation. Selection states cannot be programmatically
changed or set through Session State.

PlotlySelectionState

The state of the <tt class="docutils literal">on_select</tt> event. This attribure returns a
dictionary-like object that supports both key and attribute notation.
The attributes are described by the <tt class="docutils literal">PlotlySelectionState</tt> dictionary
schema.

The schema for the Plotly chart event state.
The event state is stored in a dictionary-like object that suports both
key and attribute notation. Event states cannot be programmatically
changed or set through Session State.
Only selection events are supported at this time.

PlotlyState

A new label of the status container. If None, the label is not
changed.

label

The new expanded state of the status container. If None,
the expanded state is not changed.

expanded

The new state of the status container. This mainly changes the
icon. If None, the state is not changed.

state

Update the status container.
Only specified arguments are updated. Container contents and unspecified
arguments remain unchanged.

update

The icon of the page.
If no icon was declared in <tt class="docutils literal">st.Page</tt>, this property returns <tt class="docutils literal">&quot;&quot;</tt>.

icon

The title of the page.
Unless declared otherwise in <tt class="docutils literal">st.Page</tt>, the page title is inferred
from the filename or callable name. For more information, see
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.streamlit.io/st.page.automatic-page-labels">Overview of multipage apps</a>.

The page's URL pathname, which is the path relative to the app's root
URL.
Unless declared otherwise in <tt class="docutils literal">st.Page</tt>, the URL pathname is inferred
from the filename or callable name. For more information, see
<a class="reference external" href="https://docs.streamlit.io/st.page.automatic-page-urls">Overview of multipage apps</a>.
The default page will always have a <tt class="docutils literal">url_path</tt> of <tt class="docutils literal">&quot;&quot;</tt> to indicate
the root URL (e.g. homepage).

url_path

A page within a multipage Streamlit app.
Use <tt class="docutils literal">st.Page</tt> to initialize a <tt class="docutils literal">StreamlitPage</tt> object.

Function signature[source]
st.error(body, *, icon=None)
Parameters
body (str)	The error text to display.
icon (str, None)	An optional emoji or icon to display next to the alert. If `icon` is `None` (default), no icon is displayed. If `icon` is a string, the following options are valid: A single-character emoji. For example, you can set `icon="🚨"` or `icon="🔥"`. Emoji short codes are not supported. An icon from the Material Symbols library (rounded style) in the format `":material/icon_name:"` where "icon_name" is the name of the icon in snake case. For example, `icon=":material/thumb_up:"` will display the Thumb Up icon. Find additional icons in the Material Symbols font library.

st.error

Example

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